Image masking is the process of separating an image from its background, either to cause the image to stand out on its own or to place the image over another background. In the old days of film stripping, it was done by cutting a physical “mask”–a sheet of material such as rubylith–in the shape of the image, and then projecting the image through it. Today, it is usually done on a computer using a program like Photoshop.
A layer mask is something that you apply to a given layer to control the transparency of that layer. Where layer opacity controls the transparency of the entire layer at once, a mask gives you more precise controls over very specific areas. If you want the entire layer to be at 30%, you would lower the opacity, if you want just the left side of a layer to be at 30%, you would use a mask.
When you add a mask to a layer, it covers the entire thing with an invisible grayscale canvas. There are ways to see it that we’ll check out later but just know that as a general rule, applying a mask to a layer won’t cause any immediate visual differences unless you have an active selection at the time.
Alpha channels are additional channels that can be added to an RGB or CMYK image. They are generally used to hold complex masking information. While layer masks can hold the same information, Alpha channels allow you to have access to that mask, but not have it actually used within the image.
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